拟动力试验方法的发展与展望

结构抗震试验是模拟地震作用、分析掌握地震机制及结构抗震性能的有效方法。对拟动力试验技术的研究现状和进展进行了概括总结,分析探讨了拟动力试验特别是基于子结构技术试验的逐步积分方法、加载控制方式、误差分析、拟动力子结构试验、实时子结构试验、远程协同拟动力试验、混合子结构拟动力试验等关键技术,对比分析了拟动力试验技术与其他试验方法的差异,以及拟动力试验技术中基于子结构技术各试验方法间的区别和特点,并进一步阐述了各种拟动力试验的现存问题、应用前景,指出了需要进一步研究的方向。     

溶解性微生物产物数学模型的研究进展

溶解性微生物产物(SMP)数学模型对于控制废水生物处理出水中COD具有极其重要的作用.按照SMP模型发展过程,即从只包含其形成机制模型到包含其形成与降解机制模型的发展过程,详细介绍了SMP模型的研究进展.同时,综述了SMP数学模型在活性污泥法和生物膜法等工艺中的应用,并在此基础上提出了活性污泥数学模型的发展方向.     

不同淹水环境下湖泊沉积物DOM的特征与来源

为揭示水位的空间差异对于湖泊沉积物溶解性有机质（DOM）特性的影响与作用途径,采用紫外可见光谱（UV-Vis）和三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析（EEM-PARAFAC）,探究东洞庭湖不同淹水环境对沉积物DOM的组成与来源的影响.结果表明,DOM中类蛋白组分［类色氨酸C2与类酪氨酸C3,（72.95±8.94）%］高于类腐殖酸组分［C1,（27.05±8.94）%］.季节淹水下DOM具有更高的类蛋白组分和更低的类腐殖酸组分,而常年淹水下的DOM芳香性（SUVA₂₅₄）与疏水组分（SUVA₂₆₀）更高,在空间上表现为：湖中段>入湖段>出湖段,更有利于污染物迁移.通过对荧光参数FI （1.93）、BIX （0.91）和HIX （1.57）的计算发现,沉积物DOM具有内源为主和陆源较弱的混合特征.这可能受到人为输入与沉积物特性影响,季节淹水区沉积物裸露增强污水排放的直接作用,且黏粒和总氮（TN）含量与FI呈显著正相关,说明沉积物高营养成分和黏粒含量影响DOM的内源成分（FI>1.9）;而常年淹水区具有外来径流输入,pH和C/N与HIX和C1呈显著正相关,说明沉积物DOM由于常年淹水的碱性环境（pH>7.5）和径流输入比季节淹水区具有更高的陆源成分（HIX=1.38±0.57）.上述结果有助于揭示湖泊水文与人类活动过程中沉积物DOM对水质与污染响应的相关理论,为沉积物污染防治提供科学依据.     

Distribution,characteristics and daily fluctuations of microplastics throughout wastewater treatment plants with mixed domestic–industrial influents in Wuxi City,China

• MPs were analyzed throughout three WWTPs with mixed domestic–industrial influents. • White polyethylene granules from plastic manufacturing were the most dominant MPs. • MPs abundance in random grab-sampling was lower than that in daily dense sampling. • The production of MPs such as microbeads need to be restricted from the source. In wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), microplastics (MPs) are complex, especially with mixed domestic–industrial influents. Conventional random grab sampling can roughly depict the distribution and characteristics of MPs but can not accurately reflect their daily fluctuations. In this study, the concentration, shape, polymer type, size, and color of MPs were analyzed by micro-Raman spectroscopy (detection limit of 0.05 mm) throughout treatment stages of three mixed domestic–industrial WWTPs (W1, W2, and W3) in Wuxi City, China, and the daily fluctuations of MPs were also obtained by dense grab sampling within 24 h. For influent samples, the average MP concentration of 392.2 items/L in W1 with 10% industrial wastewater was much higher than those in W2 (71.2 items/L with 10% industrial wastewater) and W3 (38.3 items/L with 60% industrial wastewater). White polyethylene granules with a diameter less than 0.5 mm from plastic manufacturing were the most dominant MPs in the influent of W1, proving the key role of industrial sources in MPs pollution. In addition, the daily dense sampling results showed that MP concentration in W1 influent fluctuated widely between 29.1 items/L and 4617.6 items/L within a day. Finally, few MPs (less than 4.0 items/L) in these WWTPs effluents were attributed to the effective removal of wastewater treatment processes. Thus, further attention should be paid to regulating the primary sources of MPs.     

背景溶液对纳米氧化铁吸附病毒的影响

以噬菌体X174为病毒替代,通过等温静态批量吸附实验,研究了4种纳米氧化铁(α-Fe2O3、γ-Fe2O3-B、γ-Fe2O3-N、Fe3O4)对病毒在不同背景溶液中的吸附行为及其影响因素.结果表明,在模拟地下水中,4种纳米氧化铁对病毒均具有较高的吸附比例,其中α-Fe2O3对病毒吸附比例最高,在病毒初始浓度比较低(约1E+03PFU.mL-1)时可达100%.经Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温线方程对上述吸附结果进行拟合表示,纳米氧化铁对病毒的吸附均为有利吸附(favorable adsorption),并可能存在多层吸附,吸附比例均随着病毒初始浓度的增加而减少.纳米氧化铁对病毒的吸附比例随着背景溶液离子强度的增加而降低,表示其吸附行为以电性吸附为主.背景溶液中阴离子存在显著降低了病毒的吸附量,这可能与阴离子竞争病毒吸附位点有关,其中HPO24-比HCO3-表现得更为明显.结果同时显示背景溶液中多价阳离子的存在(比如Ca2+和Mg2+)比单价阳离子(比如Na+和K+)更有利于纳米氧化铁对病毒的吸附.综上可知,纳米氧化铁是一种潜在的病毒净化理想材料,应用时需考虑其环境因素的影响.     

Monitoring of air pollution by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans of pine needles in Korea

The atmospheric contamination levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were evaluated from the analysis of pine needles in South Korea. Pine needles were collected from 30 sampling points at five main cities in South Korea (Busan, Daegu, Gwangju, Changwon and Jeju island). The highest concentrations of PCDDs/DFs (2.19–26.88 pg I-TEQ/g of dry weight) were measured at Busan, where is the city of the highest population density and traffic volume among five cities. The lowest concentration was detected at Jeju with 0.62 pg I-TEQ/g dry weight, suggesting Jeju could be an environmental background area in Korea. The dominant homologues of PCDDs/DFs in pine needles were the lower chlorine-substituted compounds such as tetra CDDs and CDFs, and the distribution ratios of PCDDs/DFs decreased with increase of the number of chlorine substituents. Homologue profiles of pine needle samples were similar to PCDDs/DFs profiles of the vapor phase in the ambient air, and thus the pine needles absorbed the vapor phase of PCDDs/DFs from air. Results suggested that pine needles could be used as an indicator of the atmospheric contamination for PCDDs/DFs in Korea.     

济南大气臭氧浓度变化规律

利用近2a济南市区近地面大气O₃浓度的观测数据,分析了O₃浓度的分布特征及时间变化规律.结果表明,济南市区O₃浓度以1a为周期呈明显的波动变化特征,城市光化学污染较重;1d当中O₃浓度呈明显的单峰型变化,一般在午后达到最高值,而日出时分出现最低值;春季和夏季O₃浓度高于秋季和冬季,而夏季和秋季O₃浓度的日内变化幅度明显高于春季和冬季;受人们活动规律的影响,周末O₃浓度的日内变化规律与平日有所不同.     

Exploring the impact of new particle formation events on PM2.5 pollution during winter in the Yangtze River Delta, China

New particle formation（NPF） events are an increasingly interesting topic in air quality and climate science. In this study, the particle number size distributions, and the frequency of NPF events over Hefei were investigated from November 2018 to February 2019. The proportions of the nucleation mode, Aitken mode, and accumulation mode were 24.59%,53.10%, and 22.30%, respectively, which indicates the presence of abundant ultrafine particles in Hefei. Forty-six NPF events occurred during the obser...     

Study on Residential Water Use in North China:Analysis of Nationwide Statistical Data and Case Study of Taiyuan City

Residential water use is gradually becoming the focus in China‘s municipal water supply planning and management in recent years. Little is known, however, about the residential water use in modem China due to the transition of economy and enhancement of management on water conservation. In order to better understand the characteristics of residential water use in North China, a model for identifying the determinants of residential water use was established and analyzed by using panel data and cross-section data methodologies. Then Taiyuan city, the capital city of Shanxi Province in Northern China was selected as a case study. Both the analyses and field investigation indicate that the relatively slow increase of residential water use in recent years may result from the implementation of strict laws and regulations on water conservation. And through the investigation,first-hand information about water consumption pattern, water reuse/conservation, people‘s attitude toward water quantity and quality, etc. have been obtained.     

浮游植物群落结构季节变化研究——以太湖梅梁湾和东太湖为例

为了解太湖浮游植物群落结构的特征,2017年7月至2018年6月对太湖梅梁湾(藻型湖区)和东太湖(草型湖区)浮游植物群落结构和理化因子进行了调查.结果发现:梅梁湾氮磷浓度显著高于东太湖,梅梁湾浮游植物年平均数量是东太湖4.94倍,梅梁湾浮游植物年平均生物量是东太湖的2.16倍;梅梁湾微囊藻数量占比为68.52％～99....